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References for "Dickens, Boys Town or Purgatory : Are Institutions a Place to Call Home?"

By Victor Groza, Daniela F. Ileana, and Ivor Irwin

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Footnotes

1 Johnson, A. K., Edwards, R. L., & Puwak, H. C. (1993). Foster care and adoption policy in Romania: Suggestions for international intervention. Child Welfare, 72(5), 489-506.

Stephenson, P. A., Anghelescu, C., Bobe, N., Ciomartan, T., Gaistenau, M., Fumarel, S., Goldis, C., Georgescu, A., Ionescu, M., Iorgulescu, D., Lupu, R., McCreery, R., McKay, S., Manescu, V., Mihai, B., Moldovanu, F., Moldovan, Z., Morosam, I., Nanu, R., Nicolau, A., Palikari, G., Pascu, C., Popa, S., Popescu, P., Raican, A., Stanescu, A., Stativa, E., & Stoica, M. (1994). The causes of childrens' institutionalization in Romania. Child Care Health and Development, 20(2), 77-88.

2 UNICEF. (1997). Children at risk in Central and Eastern Europe: Perils and promises. Florence, Italy: United Nations Children's Fund, International Child Development Centre.

3 Romanian Monitor News, August 7, 1997.

4 See also Johnson, A., & Groze, V. (1993). The orphaned and institutionalized children of Romania. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems, 2(4), 49-52.

5 Johnson, A., & Groze, V. (1993). The orphaned and institutionalized children of Romania. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems, 2(4), 49-52.

6 Sloutsky. V. M. (1997). Institutional care and developmental outcomes of 6- and 7-year old children: A contextualist perspective. International Journal of Behavior Development, 20(1), 131-151.

7 Harrison, L, Rubeiz, G., & Kochubey, A. (1996). Lapsele Oma Kodu (bringing abandoned children home): A project from Tallinn, Estonia to reunite institutionalized children with families. Scandanavian Journal of Social Welfare, 5, 35-44.

8 Hetherington, M. E., & Park, R. D. (1986). Child psychology: A contemporary viewpoint. New York: McGraw-Hill.

9 Bowlby, J. (1951). Maternal care and mental health. World Health Organization Monograph No. 2. Geneva: WHO.

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.

Bowlby, J.(1973). Attachment and loss: Separation, anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.

Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. Routledge, London: A Tavistock Professional Book.

Frank, D. A., Klass, P. E., Earls, F., & Eisenberg, L. (1996). Infants and young children in orphanages: One view from pediatrics and child psychiatry. Pediatrics, 47(4), 569-578.

Freud, A., & Burlingham, D. T. (1944). Infants without families. New York: International University Press.

Goldfarb, W. (1943b). Effects of early institutional care on adolescent personality. Journal of Experimental Education, 12, 106-129.

Goldfarb, W. (1955). Emotional and intellectual consequences of psychologic deprivation in infancy: A re-evaluation. In P. Hoch & J. Zubin (Eds.), Psychopathology of childhood (pp. 105-119). New York: Grune & Stratton.

Provence, S. A., & Lipton, R. C. (1962). Infants in institutions. New York: International Universities Press.

Spitz, R. A. (1945). Hospitalism: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1, 53-74.

Tizard, B., & Joseph, A. (1970). Cognitive development of young children in residential care: The study of children aged 24 months. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 11, 177-186.

Tizard, B., & Rees, J. (1974). A comparison of the effects of adoption, restoration to the natural mother, and continued institutionalization on the cognitive development of four year old children. Child Development, 45, 92-99.

Tizard, B., & Rees, J. (1975). The effect of early institutional rearing on the behaviour problems and affectional relationships of four-year-old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 75, 61-73

Tizard, B., Hodges, J. (1977). The effect of early institutional rearing on the development of eight-year-old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19, 99-118.

10 Chapin, H. D. (1911). The proper management of foundings and negleted infants. Medical Record, 79, 283-288.

Chapin, H.D. (1916). A scheme of state control for dependent infants. Medical Record, 84, 1081-1084.

Chapin, H. D. (1917). Systematized boarding out vs. institutional care for infants and young children. New York Medical Journal, 105, 1009-1011.

11 Gray, P. H. (1989). Henry Dwight Chapin: Pioneer in the study of institutionalized infants. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27(1), 85-87.

12 Gray, P. H. (1989). Henry Dwight Chapin: Pioneer in the study of institutionalized infants. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27(1), 85-87.

13 Chapin, H. D. (1917). Systematized boarding out vs. institutional care for infants and young children. New York Medical Journal, 105, 1009-1011.

14 Freud, A., & Burlingham, D. T. (1944). Infants without families. New York: International University Press.

Goldfarb, W. (1943b). Effects of early institutional care on adolescent personality. Journal of Experimental Education, 12, 106-129.

Goldfarb, W. (1955). Emotional and intellectual consequences of psychologic deprivation in infancy: A re-evaluation. In P. Hoch & J. Zubin (Eds.), Psychopathology of childhood (pp. 105-119). New York: Grune & Stratton.

Provence, S. A., & Lipton, R. C. (1962). Infants in institutions. New York: International Universities Press.

Spitz, R. A. (1945). Hospitalism: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1, 53-74.

Tizard, B., & Joseph, A. (1970). Cognitive development of young children in residential care: The study of children aged 24 months. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 11, 177-186.

Tizard, B., & Rees, J. (1974). A comparison of the effects of adoption, restoration to the natural mother, and continued institutionalization on the cognitive development of four year old children. Child Development, 45, 92-99.

Tizard, B., & Rees, J. (1975). The effect of early institutional rearing on the behaviour problems and affectional relationships of four-year-old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 75, 61-73

Tizard, B., Hodges, J. (1977). The effect of early institutional rearing on the development of eight-year-old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19, 99-118.

15 Goldfarb, W. (1955). Emotional and intellectual consequences of psychologic deprivation in infancy: A Re-evaluation. In P. Hoch & J. Zubin (Eds.), Psychopathology of Childhood (pp. 105-119). NY: Grune & Stratton.

16 Pringel, M. L., & Bossio, V. (1960). Early, prolonged separation and emotional adjustment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37-48.

Wolkind, S. N. (1974). The components of "affectionless psychopathy" in institutionalized children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 15, 215-220.

17 Wolkind, S., & Rutter, M. (1973). Children who have been "in care" -- an epidemiological study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 14, 97-105.

Tizard, B., Hodges, J. (1977). The effect of early institutional rearing on the development of eight-year-old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19, 99-118.

18 Koluchova, J. (1972). Severe deprivation in twins: A case study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 13, 107-114.

Koluchova, J. (1976). The further development of twins after severe and prolonged deprivation: A second report. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, 181-188.

19 Bowlby, J. (1951). Maternal care and mental health. World Health Organization Monograph No. 2. Geneva: WHO.

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.

Bowlby, J.(1973). Attachment and loss: Separation, anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.

Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. Routledge, London: A Tavistock Professional Book.

20 Ames, E. W., & Carter, M. (1992). Development of Romanian orphanage children adopted to Canada. Canadian Psychology, 33(2), 503.

21 Johnson, A., & Groze, V. (1993). The orphaned and institutionalized children of Romania. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems, 2(4), 49-52.

22 Bascom, B. B., McKelvey, C. A. (1997). The complete guide to foreign adoption: What to expect and how to prepare for your new child. New York: Pocket Books

23 McMullan, S. J., & Fisher, L. (1992). Developmental progress of Romanian orphanage children in Canada. Canadian Psychology, 33(2), 504.

24 Sweeney, J. K. & Bascom, B. B. (1995). Motor development and self-stimulatory movement in institutionalized Romanian children. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 7, 124-132.

25 Ames, E. W., & Carter, M. (1992). Development of Romanian orphanage children adopted to Canada. Canadian Psychology, 33(2), 503.

26 Johnson, A., & Groze, V. (1993). The orphaned and institutionalized children of Romania. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems, 2(4), 49-52.

27 Wolkind, S. N. (1974). The components of "affectionless psychopathy" in institutionalized children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 15, 215-220.

28 Macovei, O. (1986). The medical and social problems of the handicapped in children's institutions in Iasi. Bucharest, Romania: Pediatrie -- Ed. Didactica si Ped, Institutul de Igiena si Sanatate Publica.

29 Johnson, D. E., Miller, L. C., Iverson, S., Thomas, W., Franchino, B., Dole, K., Kiernan, M. T., Georgieff, M. K., & Hostetter, M. K. (1992, December 23/30). The health of children adopted from Romania. Journal of the American Medical Association, 268(24), 3446-3451.

Johnson, D. E., Miller, L. C., Iverson, S., Thomas, W., Franchino, B., Dole, K., Kiernan, M. T., Georgieff, M. K., & Hostetter, M. K. (1993, April 28). The health of children adopted from Romania. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269(16): 2084-5.

30 Judy Siegel. (1990, February 9). Health Ministry Recommends Testing Adopted Romanian Children for AIDS. The Jerusalem Post.

31 Kaler, S. R., & Freeman, B. J. (1994). An analysis of environmental deprivation: Cognitive and social development in Romanian orphans. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines. 35(4), 769-81.

32 Sweeney, J. K. & Bascom, B. B. (1995). Motor development and self-stimulatory movement in institutionalized Romanian children. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 7, 124-132.

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